Distributed Photovoltaic Systems Design and Technology
Preface AcknowledgmentsAcronymsExecutive SummaryRecommendations1. Introduction2. Status of Photovoltaic System Designs2.1 Grid-Connected with No Storage3. Project Approach3.3.2 Peak Load Support3.3.3 Distribution Outages3.3.4 Spinning Reserve4.1 Voltage Regulation 4.2 Backup Power (Islanding) 4.5.1 Communication of Price and Generation Control Signals4.5.1.1 Communication Systems4.5.1.2 Open Standards Institute Seven-Layer Model4.5.1.3 Candidate Communication SolutionsVoltage Regulation Peak Shaving (Demand Response) Backup Power (Intentional Islanding) Spinning ReserveFrequency Regulation (and Area Regulation)Control Fault Current Modes4.5.2 Energy Management Systems4.5.2.1 Peak Shaving (Demand Response) 4.5.2.2 Other Energy Management System Functions5.1 Voltage Regulation Coordination5.2 Distribution-Level Intentional Islanding (Microgrid)5.3 Controlling Facility Demand and Export by Emergency Management System Integration5.4 Backup Power (Intentional Islanding)5.6 Frequency and Area Regulation6. Recommendations for Future Research6.1 Smart Photovoltaic Systems with Energy Management Systems6.4 Distribution-Level Intentional Islanding (Microgrid)6.5 Energy Storage7. Conclusions and RecommendationsHigh-Penetration PV Survey sent to utility engineersIdentification of Product VendorsPower Electronics and System IntegrationShort-Term Energy StorageLong-Term Energy StorageNow is the time to plan for the integration of significant quantities of distributed renewable energy into the electricity grid. Concerns about climate change, the adoption of state-level renewable portfolio standards and incentives, and accelerated cost reductions are driving steep growth in U.S. renewable energy technologies. The number of distri...See more on
Centralized vs Distributed Solar Power: Key Differences
Distributed solar = flexible, efficient, near load. Centralized = high output, remote site, higher infrastructure cost.